Nonverbal Coommunication ( Anthony F. Grasha ) Essay

Nonverbal Coommunication ( Anthony F. Grasha ) - Essay Example The paper tells that people in the USA and China have different attitudes to their private space. People from the USA require others to respect their private space. They do not tend to be too touchy during conversations. Their private space is open to the closest people in their lives; they are represented by parents, relatives, best friends and beloved. If Americans want to show their friendliness, they tend to talk about it. Chinese people are very different from Americans in this way. First of all, people in China have a different definition of private space. Chinese families are very close to each other and they do not have the same need in private space. If they want to show their friendliness, they would rather resort to touching. It is especially common among young Chinese who belong to the same sex. Public and social distances in China are almost absent. Overcrowded public places only support this idea; strange people can accidentally touch each other or even push each other, violating their private, public and social spaces at once. People in China are collectivists; they pay almost no attention to private space because they almost never have it. In the western cultures, where people are individualists, private space is very important. If strangers stand too close to each other during their conversation in the USA, the conversation might fail. Chinese people have a different understanding of private space, and they can stand closer to their American friends than it is allowed. If a man from China is too touchy with his American male friend, American will never understand such a behavior.

Are women trated differently in the legal system Essay

Are women trated differently in the legal system - Essay Example Although conditions are very much different between these two periods, this particular research will discuss arguments why women should not be treated differently in the legal systems. A. Discrimination of women in the past. There are conditions wherein women were treated separately in the legal systems of the past and today. During the 19th century, women were not allowed to vote and were denied of their legal rights to exercise the right to suffrage in the U.S. At that time, women were not treated equally with male counterparts and were subjected to the social tradition and English common low that denied their rights to vote, own property, keep their own wages, or obtain the charge of their own children. Even the wife of US President, Abigail Adams, took note of this women’s condition, and reminded Pres. John Adams in 1776 as she wrote to him, â€Å""In the new code of laws, remember the ladies and do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands." John Adams replied, "I cannot but laugh. Depend upon it, we know better than to repeal our masculine systems" (Francis, Roberta, n.d.). This author recalls in her article that the fight to win women’s right to vote took 72 years before it was finally acknowledged in the 19th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The heroines of the movement for the constitutional rights, as related in the history, suffered long years of persecution and humiliation but were not moved out of their protests. Accordingly, the specific written guarantee of the 19th Amendment, when won, was the following, "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex" (Francis, Roberta, n.d.). This victory of women led to other protests on further amendments to equal rights to women; similar to their first protest, it took many years because of many laws in the workplace and in the society that had categorized women as second class citi zens and perpetuated gender inequalities. In the past, the proposal of women for equal rights for employment was contradicted by the labor movements on the reason that it was a threat to power structures and also by business interests because of economic costs. 2. Should the current law system be changed in order to treat women equally? This issue is still very much debated upon today, that even the United Nations took it upon as one of their duties to be responsible of ensuring that it promotes and protect gender equality and women empowerment (Gender Equality, n.d). The U.N. argues that gender-based discriminations are often times permitted by laws, policies and practices of institutions and nations. For instance, in many countries in the Middle East, women do not have the same rights for inheritance and property and even are not allowed to testify in court. According to the writings of J.Arlandson, the superiority of men over women was drawn from the rulings of the Islam’s Qu’ran, which Islam followed to the letter. Wage gap also exists in the U.S. today, as shown in the Pay Equity information of the National Committee on Pay Equity, which states that women are paid an average of $36,931 in comparison with $47,715 paid to male counterparts. The Pay Equity Information also stated that working women, particularly colored ones, were undervalued due to sex, and race; the numerous cases filed in several courts in the US could attest to inequality in

Financial Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Financial Analysis - Essay Example The weak market efficiency version is supported for the Pace Plc group based on the information available from the share prices. The share prices have shown fluctuating trends. While compared with those of the trends in the market indices like FTSE 250 index and technology, hardware and equipment index the trends are similar and in some years outperformed the market movements and have not declined significantly, which supports the weak form of market efficiency for the company. Hence based on the analysis in this report, it can be recommended that investors can buy the stocks of the company in spite of the fact that the company has shown poor performance in the context of global economic crisis in 2007. The evidence shows support in favour of improved financial performance in 2008 and 2009 and is still going on increasing. Financial Statements of a company are intended to give valuable information about the financial health of the company to its owner investors and lenders (Tracy, 2004). In other words, they are supposed to give information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of the company. In this report, the financial performance of Pace Plc listed in the London Stock Exchange is analyzed. The objective of the study is to analyze the financial performance of the group and to recommend whether or not to invest in the company’s shares based on the analysis. The financial performance is analyzed using financial ratio analysis and share price analysis. This report is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the company history and business. Section 3 discusses the methodology. Section 4 discusses the analysis and results. Section 5 concludes the report. Pace Plc is one of the most famous digital TV technology developers in the pay TV industry, with its headquarters in Saltaire, UK (Pace Plc, 2009a). It was founded in 1982. It has

Economic role of the government Essay Example for Free

Economic role of the government Essay Economic systems are identified by how they answer the three questions of what, how, and for whom to produce. Similarly, they are theoretical representations of economies found throughout the world that demonstrate the distribution of control between people and the government. The economic systems exist on a continuum, with command economies on one side and the free markets on the other side. The United States has a free market economy but with a notable amount of government intervention, therefore it has a mixed economy. The government acts as a provider and regulator of the United States mixed economy through setting legal limits and sensible policies for economic functions for the people. In the United States, decisions are made by individuals acting as participants within the market. The federal, state, and local governments, however, make laws protecting private property and regulating certain areas of business. Practiced in the United States today, capitalism would be best defined as an economic system in which individuals own the factors of production, but decide how to use them within legislated limits. Nearly identical to capitalism, the free enterprise system is another definition for the American economy. The free enterprise system emphasizes that individuals are free to own and control aspects of production, yet expands on the fact that government places legal restrictions on freedom of enterprise. Zoning regulations, child-labor laws, hazardous waste rules, and other regulations limit free enterprise to protect the anticipated entrepreneur and his or her surroundings. When such rules are established, freedom has is boundaries and is considered a privilege. Consumers in a market economy have the advantage of being able to choose among products. Contrasting to freedom of enterprise, freedom of choice applies to only the buyers, not the sellers. Although buyers are free to make choices, the market has grown into an increasingly complex place. A consumers choice determines the success or failure of a good or service. The profit incentive is the desire to make a profit. This motivates entrepreneurs to establish new businesses, expand existing ones, and change the kinds of goods and services produced. The government has intervened in various areas of the economy to protect buyers. From a simple requirement  for companies to place warning labels on potentially dangerous products to regulating the prices that a company may charge, the government arbitrates in company dealings to help keep all consumers relatively satisfied and secure in their purchases. One of the most important characteristics of capitalism and free enterprise is the right to private property. That is, property not owned by federal, state, or local governments, but rather held by a person or persons. The right to all property-land, business, automobiles, and whatever else the person can afford-aids in the production of wealth and prosperity for all. According to the Constitution, the government has no power to seize private property unless payment is given to the individual. What are called the rights of property are the rights to risk investment and acquire new ways of producing while learning the benefits and downfalls of ownership. Among the economic goals of Americans are economic freedom, economic security, economic stability, and economic growth. To obtain these goals, individual opinions along with government decisions must fall into equilibrium. In order to have a well-functioning enterprise system, individuals are required to take on certain economic responsibilities. Such responsibilities include attempting to rise as a successful entrepreneur and obtaining the knowledge of possible government policies while analyzing the consequences of those policies. The United States illustrates the characteristics of a mixed economy by combining freedom of choice, the desire to make profit, and the right to property with government regulations.

Marketing Mixes For Coca Cola Marketing Essay

Marketing Mixes For Coca Cola Marketing Essay Sustainable competitive advantage is the focal point of a corporate strategy. It allows the maintenance and improvement of an enterprises competitive position in the market. It is an advantage that enables business to survive against its competition over a long period of time. A competitive advantage is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value, either by means of lower prices or by providing greater benefits and service that justifies higher prices. Porter identified two basic types of competitive advantage and cost advantage. See (Appendix 1). When an organisation introduces a product into a market they must consider: who is the product aimed at, what benefit will customers expect, how does the firm plan to position the product within the market and what differential advantage will the product offer over their competitors. Kotler suggested that a product should be viewed in three levels, see (Appendix 2) The concept of the products life cycle is rooted in the fact that technology and consumer tastes take time to adapt to new products and are always changing. As such, when a new product is introduced, it takes some time to be widely accepted, at which point its sales and revenues will begin to grow. This will attract other competitors into the market, cause the market to mature. Finally, the market will saturate and decline as companies begin to introduce the next product, and consumers switch to that product. See Coca Cola product life cycle in (Appendix 3) Coca Cola the market leader in providing different soft drink products like Coca Cola, Diet Coke, Fanta etc. there are no competitors in this sector. There good image makes the organisation more strong. Coca Cola is providing good taste, quality products with qualified staff, good atmosphere and hygienic environment. They are specialised in soft and fizzy drinks. They have created good image in customers mind, their image is reputable and reliable, which took them years to build and it has been one of the most popular soft drinks available. Their brand and logo are never mistaken, which is why consumers feel comfortable in purchasing Coca-Cola products. Coca Cola can market too many different segments. For example, Coca Cola can market to teenagers much easier than older people. Distribution in marketing acts importantly to attract customers convenience therefore; the system of distribution of an organisation can show the key ability for the organisation. Two types of channel of distribution methods are available. Indirect distribution involves distributing product by the use of an intermediary. Direct distribution involves distributing direct from a manufacturer to the consumer. Distribution is beneath the group of place and therefore organisations build-up an accurate distribution method so that its easily accessible to the customers and it can improve possible sales for an organisation. See Coca Cola distribution channels in (Appendix 4). The Coca Cola Company sells its products by bottling and canning operations. The distributors reached the Coca Cola to the wholesalers and the wholesalers reached it to retailers, and at last the customers buy Coca Cola from retailer shop. If Coca Cola does not work on its distribution services and Coca Cola bottles are just accessible at their factories then consumers might not be enthusiastic to get them. Its more suitable for the consumer to purchase Coca Cola from a close by retailer as compared to getting it from factory. Therefore distribution system of an organisation can be both its weakness and strength. Companies make sure the availability of their products at retailer shops and stores where customers can easily purchase it. One of the aspects in the marketing mix is pricing. This part of the 7 Ps are the one creating revenue and which is also why it is important that an organisation chooses the correct price. Pricing is one of the most important elements of the Coca Cola marketing mix, which generates a turnover for them. Coca Cola can adopt a number of pricing strategies. The pricing strategies are based much on what objectives the company has set itself to achieve, see (Appendix 5). Due to the availability of wide range products the pricing is done according to the market and geographic segment. Each sub-brand of coca cola has different pricing strategy. Their pricing strategy is based on the competitors pricing, Pepsi is the direct competitor to Coca Cola. The first thing that the Coca-Cola Company must do is select the pricing objective they believe will be most effective in distributing their brand to consumers. Coca-Cola use market-skimming pricing to do this. They use marketing-skimming as there is a sufficient number of buyers that have a high current demand, also Coca Cola sets an initial high price and then slowly lowers the price to make the product available to a wider market. Coca Cola Company has adopted penetration pricing strategy as they want to hold maximum share of the market by maximum profit. Coca Cola use discount pricing, where their products are often market down during sale periods and special occasions. Also Coca Cola use competitor prici ng, where to meet the competition pricing, their products pricing are set around the same level as it competitors. Promotion being a feature of marketing mix consists of communication among the consumer and supplier of that product. Promotional activities are important factor because, these activities are performed in order to awake and aware the consumers about the product and it cover personal selling, adverting, publication relations, sales promotion, direct marketing etc. An advertisement, for instance helps a buyer to get to know about the company and it is products, this can be done by bill boards, banners or posters. The benefit of advertisement is that it informs people about different products and services, their utilities, cost and other requirements. The disadvantage is cost because advertising is more expansive. Personal selling is where businesses use people to sell the product after meeting face-to-face with the customer. Personal selling is one of the ways to keep good customers relationships, but this method is expensive. Sales promotion directly stimulates sales. It includes trade shows, contests, games ect. The advantage is that sales promotion can help companies to provide right information to customers, also it encourage repeat purchases and customer loyalty, but the advantages are that it increase price sensitivity and it is generally for a short duration Public relations play an important role in promotion. It can be used to create a good image of the company for example magazines, TV or radio etc. PR is inexpensiveness of the cost, but it is hard to predict about the responses and it increase the risk. Direct marketing is where a company selling their products directly to people such as fliers or street advertising. It allow to target specific customer and it can be measureable, but it is hard to get as immediate of an impact when using direct marketing and it can be quite expansive. Coca Cola use many methods of advertisement and the company spends a significant amount of money in order to be seen on billboards, radio, magazines, television, and on the internet. Coca cola adopts a range of advertising and promotional strategies to create an increased demand in the market by associating with life style and behaviour and mainly targeting value based advertising. The Coca cola Company uses advertising as its main source of increasing consumer awareness. It mainly uses the television; this source allows the companys products to reach a large audience. Coca Cola also uses the radio as another source of advertisement and this is a cheaper source then TV. They also use personal selling. The company has a highly trained sales team, which acts as a representative of the company to the retailers. This strategy helps to maintain service and product loyalty. Marketing mix has three additional elements: People, Process and Physical Evidence People are one of the elements of service marketing mix. People define a service. This refers to the people who are in direct contact with the customer such as staff. One of the crucial parts in selling a product is the staff and its service as lot of people rely on a good service before buying a product. Example, the employees in Coca Cola Company have a standard uniform. The company specially focuses on friendly and prompt service to its customers from their employees. The employees are part time workers and full time workers. The process of the product is essential in marketing. This determines the capability of the product to supply the demand of the consumers. The process at Coca Cola Company is transparent and hidden (the whole process is not visible to the customers). Coca Cola has a number of processes which is involves bottling and labelling solutions. The most important stage that Coca Cola consider is control of the company to get products at the agreed time and good quality, and the last step they consider is, the selling of beverage for target customers of distributors. Physical evidence: This is an important part where consumers will base their decisions based on the service which intangible. Companies physical evidence is supported by signs, symbols and artefacts of the business itself. Examples of this would be the signage in Coca Cola which reassures the consumer through branding. Coca Cola Company is focusing on target market; when it markets a product it mainly consider on demographic and physiographic segmentations; where demographic segment before it markets it identify the consumer groups in: age, sex, education, race, and occupation, and in physiographic it divides the market into different levels as: lower class, middle class, and upper class to identify their customers. Coca Cola segments different ages. The company focus on whole population in the world, but young generation is the target marketed of the company. Also Coca Cola segments different income levels by packing. For small income people it has small returnable glass bottle, for middle people it has small non returnable bottle and for higher income people it has Coke Tin. Marketing mix for Diet Coke: Coca Cola developed a new product. This product is a diet drink by the name of Diet Coke. They have designed the marketing mix of product which is in detail below: Product: Diet Coke is a very fresh and tasty diet drink. This new and fresh drink is made to provide the consumers with energetic feel with taste as well. Diet Coke is available in different sizes of which start from 330ml 2L bottle. This drink is mainly for the female teenagers from age 16 24. Price: Price of Diet Coke is very reasonable as compared to its major competitors. Its 330ml bottle is for 65p and 2L bottle is for  £1.98 in Tesco. Place: placement has an important role to play in the products success and failure. That is why the company makes sure that the Diet Coke is place in such a way in market that its in reach of every customer. They have very strong distribution channel and their product is available on maximum stores in the city. Promotion: For a product of such high standards like Diet Coke it requires good promotional activities. For this purpose the Coca Cola Company have chosen following promotional tools: for advertisement the company have use different types of media like television, newspaper, magazines, internet and radio. There are some characteristics to a service such as: lack of ownership, intangibility and inseparability. Each of these taken into account when marketing a service, see (Appendix 6). A product is something which is tangible where as a service is intangible. A product is much easier than the service because after marketing and selling a product there is something tangible to be seen by the customers for they are satisfaction but in services they cannot because its intangible. Basically, the marketing of product is particularly focused on 4Ps in marketing mix namely product, price, place, and promotion. The Coca Cola Company analyse the major demand of their customers in order to find out a product that can respond the market demand. Firstly, Coca Cola Company focuses on the strength as well as eliminates the vulnerabilities of marketed products in order to improve products to meet customers demand as much as possible. Secondly, they focus on the pricing factor in product marketing because the price must be set to match with the purchasing power of a target group. The Coca Cola know the nature price of selling products. Thirdly, the Coca Cola focus on place because place of product marketing refers to distribution channels to deliver and sell the product to customers. Lastly, they create the promotion on the product in order to persuade customers and motivate the sale in a short term. On the other hand, a service is the action that provide for customers. The service marketing is generally use 7Ps which is extended from 4Ps by adding people, process and physical evidence. It is important for any service industry to employ appropriate staffs or people. Employing and training of staffs have good impact that is why the Coca Cola Company gives training to their staffs because most of customers will judge the quality of their service from staffs. Therefore, Coca Cola employ staffs that have good and interpersonal skills. The essay shows that marketing mix (4Ps and 7Ps) is a very important aspect of creating marketing strategy, also it is essential for a company to implement their marketing concept successfully. The Coca Cola Company develops their product or service to meet the customers needs and wants; then they seem into determining how their consumer going to receive the product and they consider direct or indirect channels of distribution. The Coca Cola Company will decide a price for their products that ensures a profit. Finally, they promote their product by using different advertising methods to attract customers.

Performance Of Wells Turbine Engineering Essay

Performance Of Wells Turbine Engineering Essay ABSTRACT A Wells turbine has inherent disadvantages in comparison with conventional turbines: relative low efficiency and poor starting characteristics. In this case, the performance of wells turbine is studied on computational analysis by changing aerofoils and providing different angle of incidence for the improvement of the turbines performance. Study is based on analysing the flow of air on turbine using computational analysis at steady condition. 1 INTRODUCTION: The Ozone depletion and global warming have altered the international community and urged the need for more focus on alternative green sources of energy. Ocean wave energy is one of the renewable forms of energy which can be utilized in response to the disturbing prospect of an exhaustible source of energy. Several wave energy devices being studied under many wave energy programs make use of the principle of the oscillating water column (OWC).Potentially; the most successful device used in harnessing on wave energy has been the OWC wave energy converter. The OWC chamber, either floating or bottom standing, with the immersed end opened to the action of the sea. A reciprocating airflow is created by the action of the free surface of the water within the chamber. The conversion of this airflow into mechanical energy may be achieved by a number of devices like:- A. TAPCHAN: The TAPCHAN comprises a gradually narrowing channel with wall heights typically 3 to 5 m above mean water level. The waves enter the wide end of the channel and, as they propagate down the narrowing channel, the wave height is amplified until the wave crests spill over the walls to a reservoir which provides a stable water supply to a conventional low head turbine. The requirements of low tidal range and suitable shoreline limit the world-wide installation of this device. Fig (a) TAPERED CHANNEL[1] (TAPCHAN)http://re.emsd.gov.hk/english/other/marine/images/marine_tech_010_2.gif B. PENDULOR: The PENDULOR device consists of a rectangular box, which is open to the sea at one end. A pendulum flap is hinged over this opening, so that the action of the waves causes it to swing back and forth. This motion is then used to power a hydraulic pump and generator.http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ7yge9ouptnhszDgsXGA_gCvAXKqbo78BeXZHFFtPB89433p0p Fig (b) PEDULOR [2] C. WELLS TURBINE: The Wells turbine is one of the most suitable air turbines for energy conversion from oscillating air flow. . A schematic view of the OWC device with a Wells turbine is shown in Fig. c. The Wells turbine is an axial flow air turbine. It consists of several symmetrical aerofoil blades set around a hub. As waves Impinge on the device, they cause the water column to rise and fall in the air chamber, which alternately compresses and depressurized the trapped air. This air is allowed to flow to and from the atmosphere through a turbine which drives an electric generator.http://www.aussiestockforums.com/forums/attachment.php?attachmentid=9213stc=1d=1180172232 Fig (c) WELLS TURBINE[3] Fig. 1.1: Schematic of the Three Major shoreline Devices The Wells turbine is a self-rectifying air turbine which is expected to be widely used in wave energy devices with the OWC (Raghunathan, 1995) .It can extract power at low airflow rate, when other turbines would be inefficient. The Wells turbines for wave power conversion have less efficiency. To increase the efficiency is the major quest all over the world, the flow of air through the wells turbine impeller is carried out in this project by using different size impeller and introducing biplane i.e. two rows of symmetrical aerofoil blades. 1.1 WAVE RESOURCEShttp://www.oceanenergy.ie/images/world-map.jpg Fig. 1.2: Global Distribution of Deep Water Wave power levels in kW/m crest length[4] Despite the climate change phenomena, the world resource for wave remains very much as shown in fig. 1.2 by Dr Tom Thorpe [5]. The highest energy waves are concentrated off the western coasts in the 40o-60o latitude range north and south. The power in the wave fronts varies in these areas between 30 and 70kW/m with peaks to 100kW/m in the Atlantic SW of Ireland, the Southern Ocean and off Cape Horn. The capability to supply electricity from this resource is such that, if harnessed appropriately, 10% of the current level of world supply could be provided [4] PERIOD AMPLITUDE POWER DENSITY VELOCITY (m/s) WAVELENGTH (sec) (m) (kW/m) (m) Storm 14 14 1700 23 320 Average 9 3.5 60 15 150 Calm 5.5 0.5 1 9 50 Fig: 1.3 Tthe nautral and technical wave energy resource for the north and west side of the UK[6] The techinical resource is dependent on the nautral conditions like the shape of the rock and location i.e beaches and gullies. The wave energy at calm sea is considered in this project. 1.2 WELLS TURBINE The monoplane Wells turbine i.e. the basic Wells turbine consists of several symmetrical aerofoil blades (NACA four digit series) set around a hub at 90 degrees with respect to the airflow. Since its an invention by Prof. A.A. Wells in 1976, most researchers have focused on improving its efficiency and its range of efficient operation. In fact, compared to other conventional air turbines (e.g. Francis turbine) the Wells turbine has a lower efficiency and a narrow operational region. Nevertheless, it can extract power at low airflow rate, when other turbines would be inefficient. Fig. 1.4: Schematic of the Monoplane Wells Turbine[7] A schematic diagram of a Wells turbine is shown in Fig. 1.4. At first sight the arrangement might seem to be unlikely means of energy conversion. However, once the blades have attained design speed the turbine is capable of producing a time-averaged positive power output from the cyclically reversing airflow with a fairly high efficiency. Wells turbine has low efficiency and poor starting characteristics. The Biplane Wells turbine: Muhammad Mamun in the Study on the Hysteretic Characteristics of the Wells Turbine in a Deep Stall Condition says the pressure drop across a mono-plane Wells turbine above is proportional to the square of the tip speed which has to be limited if transonic effects are to avoided. For wave energy devices which produce significantly larger pressure drops than the limit for a single plane turbine a biplane turbine can be used Fig. 1.5: Schematic of the Biplane Wells [7] It has certain advantages over the conventional monoplane Wells turbine as follows: I. It can operate under high loading. II. It can absorb higher wave power than the monoplane turbine if the diameter and rotational speed of the turbine are kept constant. III. The design speed is lower than that of the monoplane for the same loading. IV. It avoids the use of guide vanes and therefore the turbine would require less maintenance and repairs. [7] 1.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The principle of operation of Wells turbine is based on the classical aerofoil theory. According to the classical aerofoil theory, an aerofoil which is set at an angle of incidence ÃŽÂ ± in a fluid flow generates a lift force L normal to the free stream. The aerofoil also experiences a drag force D in the direction of the free stream (relative velocity). These lift and drag forces can be resolved into tangential (in the plane of rotation) and axial (normal to the plane of rotation) components FT and FA respectively. Fig. 1.6 Notation for determining lift, drag, and axial and tangential forces on An aerofoil[7] Resulting expression for axial and tangential forces FA = LcosÃŽÂ ± + DsinÃŽÂ ± FT = LsinÃŽÂ ± DcosÃŽÂ ± The axial force is absorbed but the turbine while the tangential force causes the turbine to rotate. For a symmetrical airfoil the direction of tangential force is the same for both positive and negative values of ÃŽÂ ±. Therefore, the direction of rotation of the rotor is independent of airflow direction. 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT Simulation of air flow through wells turbine impeller by means of numerical method using a CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) called FLUENT and check the flow process of different parameters and the factors affecting the differences. Since wells turbine is a low efficiency turbine to increase the efficiency of Wells turbine is the other aim. Path followed to meet the requirements is first calculation of efficiency theoretically. Simulating a modified design by using different angle of incidence and making biplane i.e. two rows. Comparing the results of different model and selecting the suitable design. 3 LITERATURE REVIEW: 3.1 Types of CFD PROCESS USED: Commercial CFD code: FLUENT, Star-CD, FLOW-3D, CFX/AEA, etc. Research CFD code: Self-developed Public domain software (PHI3D, HYDRO, and WinpipeD, etc.) Other CFD software includes the Grid generation software (e.g. Gridgen, Gambit) and flow visualization software (e.g. Tecplot, FieldView) Commercial CFD code FLUENT is used in this project. 3.2 General working on CFD Table3.1: CFD working layout The Processes shown in the table 3.1 is divided into pre- process and post- process viz. GAMBIET AND FLUENT General sequence of GAMBIT operations Initial setup Solver selection, Mesh size, Defaults, etc. Geometry creation (ACIS, IGES or Mesh import) Create full geometry Decompose into mesh-able sections Meshing Local meshing: Edge and Boundary layers Global meshing: Face and/or Volume Mesh examination Zone assignment Continuum and Boundary attachment Mesh export General sequence of FLUENT operations Selection of appropriate models. Turbulence, combustion, multiphase, etc. Define material properties Fluid Solid Mixture Prescribe operating conditions Prescribe boundary conditions at all boundaru zones Provide and initial solution Set up solver controls Set up convergence monitors 3.3 Grid generation: Grid generation is one of the key elements in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFC). It has now become a fairly common tool for use in the numerical solution of partial differential equations on arbitrarily shaped regions. The numerical solution of partial differential equations requires some discretization of the field into a collection of points (nodes) or elemental volumes (cells). The differential equations are approximated by a set of algebraic equations on this collection, and this system of algebraic equations is then solved to produce a set of discrete values which approximates the solution of the partial differential system over the field. The practice of discretizing the physical domain into a finite number of elements is called as grid generation. 3.4 Grid topologies Generally, the governing equations may be transformed into finite element, finite difference, or finite volume equations. The cell types supported by FLUENT are followed as: triangular and quadrilateral cells in 2D are accepted, and in 3D, tetrahedral, hexahedral, wedge, and pyramid cells can be used FIG3.2: Different types of grids Structured versus Unstructured Grids The section presents a brief description of grid generation. The grid generation techniques available at present fall into two categories, namely: a) structured grid generation and b) unstructured grid generation. The structured grid generation techniques are based on the transformation of the complex physical domain into a simple computational domain, which is often chosen to be rectangular in shape (quadrilateral and hexahedron). The unstructured grid generations have been used with FEM (finite element method) procedure only, whereas structured grids have general applicability.[7] . 3.5 Types of structured grid In FLUENT, both single-block and multi-block structured meshes are acceptable, as well as hybrid meshes containing quadrilateral and triangular or hexahedral, tetrahedral, pyramid, and wedge cells Multiple Block Sometimes, it is possible to combine several structured computational meshes together to fit the physical domain. Multi- locking has the advantage of the speed of a structured solver, without as many mapping constraints apparent in single block meshes. Single Block In this technique, one computational grid is mapped to fit the whole physical domain. For even moderately complex shapes, it may be practically impossible to define a transformation which will map the outer surface of the computational domain to the required physical shape, while ensuring that the resulting grid has desirable attributes of smoothness.[7] 3.6 Mesh quality The quality of mesh plays a significant role in the accuracy and stability of the numerical simulations. The attributes associated with mesh quality are density of node, cell shape, smoothness and flow-field dependency. In many cases, poor resolution in critical regions can dramatically alter the flow characteristics. 3.7 The Capabilities of FLUENT This section provides a brief introduction to FLUENT and an explanation of its capabilities [10].FLUENT used in this project is a commercial code and a state-of-the-art computer program for modelling single and multiphase flows, heat and mass transfer, chemical reaction phenomena, and etc. in complex geometries. This code includes following components; FLUENT, the flow solver; GAMBIT, the pre-processor for geometry modelling and mesh generation; pre-PD, and etc. FLUENT solver utilizes a finite-volume, pressure-based, multiphase space marching method (SIMPLE algorithm), for solving the governing integral equations for conservation of mass and momentum, and for energy and other scalars such as turbulence and chemical species. It has the following modelling capabilities: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flows in 2D or 3D geometries using triangular/tetrahedral, quadrilateral/hexahedral, or mixed (hybrid) grids that include prisms (wedges) or pyramids à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In compressible or compressible flows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Steady-state or transient analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Laminar and turbulent flows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Convective heat transfer, including natural or forced convection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Coupled conduction/convective heat transfer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Radiation heat transfer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inertial (stationary) or non-inertial (rotating) reference frame models à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Multiple moving reference frames, including sliding mesh interfaces and mixing planes for rotor/stator interaction modelling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Chemical species mixing and reaction, including combustion sub models and surface deposition reaction models à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Arbitrary volumetric sources of heat, mass, momentum, turbulence, and chemical species à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flow through porous media à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ One-dimensional fan/heat-exchanger performance models à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two-phase flows, including cavitations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Free-surface flows with complex surface shapes FLUENT can provides a number of boundary conditions, including: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Velocity or Pressure Driven Inlets/Outlets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Stationary or Moving Walls, with or without Friction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Periodic Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Symmetry Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pressure Far-filed Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Outflow Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inlet/Outlet Vent Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intake/Exhaust Fan Boundary Conditions As the Well turbine has a complex geometry for modelling, a large number of modelling capabilities are required of the CFD code for the turbine. FLUENT can incorporates all of these capabilities, and is most suitable for modelling the Wells turbine.[10] 4 ANALYSIS OF TASK 4.1 Theoretical calculation: The dimension used in this project is of prototype obtained from others experimental work, the model is designed and simulated by using the two different models shown in the table below. a [8] b[9] Table 4.1 Dimension of wells turbine The theoretical calculation of efficiency is done using the above two different dimension, the method used to calculate the efficiency is shown below. CALCULATION FOR EFFICIENCY: Similarly, CALCULATION AT 4 DEGREE ANGLE OF ATTACK: At ÃŽÂ ±= 4 degree The table below shows a calculated efficiency at different angle of attack calculated using the format shown above. ÃŽÂ ±(degree) ÃŽÂ ±(radians) W(relative velocity) à Ã¢â‚¬ °(rads/sec) Re Cl Cd ÃŽÂ · 4.00 0.07 143.36 42.45 1221641.45 0.40 0.01 21.86 5.00 0.09 114.74 42.39 977760.01 0.50 0.01 23.81 6.00 0.10 95.67 42.32 815255.46 0.60 0.01 25.18 7.00 0.12 82.06 42.24 699252.15 0.70 0.01 26.02 8.00 0.14 71.85 42.14 612312.29 0.80 0.01 26.44 9.00 0.16 63.92 42.03 544748.24 0.90 0.01 26.73 10.00 0.17 57.59 41.91 490747.45 1.00 0.01 26.78 11.00 0.19 52.41 41.77 446611.02 1.10 0.01 26.96 12.00 0.21 48.10 41.62 409873.06 1.20 0.02 26.97 13.00 0.23 44.45 41.46 378826.41 1.30 0.02 26.89 14.00 0.24 41.34 41.29 352251.70 1.40 0.02 26.90 15.00 0.26 38.64 41.10 329254.75 1.30 0.02 23.38 Table 4.2 : Efficiency at different angle Using the values of efficiency and the angle of attack from the above table (4.2) a direct relation between efficiency and the angle of attack is obtained which can be seen in the graph below (fig 4.3). Usig a Trendline option in Microsoft Excel an equation of direct relation between angle of attack and efficiency is obtained. The equation shown in the graph is a sixth order equation which is difficult to differentiate to obtained the angle at which the efficiency will be maximum,so a 2nd order equation is obtained from trendline option. Differentiating the equation gives the value of an angle at which the efficiency is max. From this procedure 12 degree is the calculated angle obtained at which the efficiency is max. Fig 4.3: Efficiency Vs. Angle of Attack y = -0.00026 + 0.00785 0.10484 + 0.70883 2.70462 + 6.5617x + 17.369 when x = 12 y = ÃŽÂ · = 25.98 % After substituting the value on angle obtained for maximum efficiency a difference between the two values is found and it is due to the R squared value. More closer the value of R square to unity more accurate results can be obtained. Equations obtained from Microsoft Excel at different orders are shown below:- Order 2 y = -0.12842 + 1.8889x + 20.336 R ² = 0.8797 Order 3 y = -0.00383 0.05482 + 1.4909x + 20.851 R ² = 0.8848 Order 4 y = -0.00524 + 0.13263 1.22762 + 5.2125x + 17.578 R ² = 0.9636 Order 5 y = -0.0015 + 0.02864 0.26813 + 0.86162 + 0.6489x + 20.649 R ² = 0.9869 Order 6 y = -0.00026 + 0.00785 0.10484 + 0.70883 2.70462 + 6.5617x + 17.369 R ² = 0.9945 Similarly using the dimension in table 4.1 (b) the calculated efficiency is show below ÃŽÂ ±(degree) ÃŽÂ ±(radians) W(relative velocity) à Ã¢â‚¬ °(rads/sec) Re Cl Cd ÃŽÂ · 4.00 0.07 143.36 78.24 916231.00 0.40 0.01 53.72 5.00 0.09 114.74 78.13 733319.93 0.50 0.01 58.49 6.00 0.10 95.67 78.00 611441.53 0.60 0.01 61.87 7.00 0.12 82.06 77.85 524439.06 0.70 0.01 63.93 8.00 0.14 71.85 77.67 459234.17 0.80 0.01 64.96 9.00 0.16 63.92 77.47 408561.14 0.90 0.01 65.68 10.00 0.17 57.59 77.24 368060.55 1.00 0.01 65.80 11.00 0.19 52.41 76.99 334958.23 1.10 0.01 66.24 12.00 0.21 48.10 76.72 307404.76 1.20 0.02 66.28 13.00 0.23 44.45 76.42 284119.78 1.30 0.02 66.07 14.00 0.24 41.34 76.10 264188.75 1.40 0.02 66.10 15.00 0.26 38.64 75.76 246941.04 1.30 0.02 57.46 TABLE 4.4: Efficiency at different angles Similarly in this case a graphical representation of Angle of Attack Vs. Efficiency is obtained which can be seen below and the equation represents a direct relation between efficiency and angle of attack. Fig 4.5 : Efficiency Vs. Angle of Attack Order 6 y = -0.00066 + 0.02925 0.62024 + 6.85633 42.0712 + 139.39x 138.43 R ² = 0.9945 when x =12 y = ÃŽÂ · = 64.24% Similarly using the order 2 equation to find the angle at which the efficiency will be maximum. The calculate angle using the same procedure as above is 12 degree at which the efficiency is maximum. . 4.2 Gambiet (Pre Processing):- The figure below shows an impeller of wells turbine designed with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and using the dimension from the table 4.1 (a). Fig 4.6: Impeller of wells turbine Creating a model using gambiet and then meshing the geometry for which meshing size is selected based on the Reynolds number. Since the Reynolds number lies in the transational flow at the angle in which the efficiency is maximum,using turbulence boundary layer formula: à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ =0.00269 The thicknes of boundary layer is 0.003 m. The mesh size comes to be 0.001m to get three elements in one layer to get fine meshing. In case of 3-Dimensional model the mesh elemet used is Tet/Hybrid. Checking the meshing quality the Aspect Ratio lies between 1 to 4. Boundary conditions is given for impeller is moving wall and interfaces is decided so that the fluid can be rotated within this volume. The mesh is exported for post processing in Fluent 4.3 Fluent (Post Processing) Steps used in fluent is as follows: Step 1 Opening the case file Step 2 Defining the grid interfaces Step 3 Grid check Step 4 Defining model as viscous and using K-epsilon (2 equation ) Step 5 Defining boundary condition In boundary condition fluid within the impeller is made to rotate at 40 rads/sec. The impeller is a moving wall rotating relative to cell zone at 0 rads/sec. Inlet velocity is 10 m/sec and the turbulence method selected is intensity and hydraulic cylinder. Step 6 Solution is converged after ilteraion 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results shown below contains pressure contours, velocity vectors and pathlines at different cros-section of the models designed using the dimension from table 4.1 (a). Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Biplane models Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidece and inlet from top Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Biplane models Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidece and inlet from top Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Comparing the above graphical results under a range of 0-400 for comparison except the last two model. The table below shows the value of dynamic pressure (max) in Pascals of above design. From the table it can be seen that the introduction of two rows provides a better result in terms of dynamic pressure. After giving the installatoin angle the maximun dynamic pressure obtained is 1176 pascals by which we can say that the two rows impeller with and an installaition angle is better than the single rows . Assumptions: Various assumptions made to carry out the simulation is as follows: PATHLINES OF PARTICLES ON IMPELLER: AOA 0 INLET FROM TOP AOA 0 AND 2 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA 0 AND 2 DEGREE DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOM AOA 2 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA 2 DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOM TWO ROWS AOA 0 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA 0 DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOM AOA +2 -2 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA +2 -2 DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOM The results shown below is of the dimension used from table 4.1 (b). modelling of the wells turbine is divided into two parts theoretical and practical

hmos takes the care out of health care Essay -- essays research papers

HMOs Take The ‘Care’ Out Of Health Care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early 1990s insurance companies, in attempt to control spiraling medical costs, created what would be termed â€Å"health maintenance organizations†, also known as HMOs. What HMOs do is create a team of physicians and medical personnel that the patients agrees to use. Within the contracts both the patient and the doctor sign, limits and restrictions are put on what the hospital will reimburse and what they will or will not provide in order to keep the costs down. At the beginning, these organizations were successful in bringing medical costs down and has made health insurance more affordable than ever. However, the contracts that the HMOs have you sign basically limits the doctor on how he or she can treat their patients, thus putting their job as the physician in the hands of the HMO. As profits began to go up and down these organizations have put more effort into keeping their costs down and have lost sight of actually caring fir the patients they are insuring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To prove my thesis in this paper I will discuss how our senior citizens and the chronically ill have been hurt by recent cuts their HMOs have made. I will discuss the many reports of HMO negligence and the issues concerning the patient doctor relationship. I will also go into what actions, or lack thereof, our government has taken in response to HMO woes. All of these points will show that HMOs have lost the concept for caring for their patients including our elders who are one genre that are being hit hard by the actions these HMOs have taken.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In January of 2001, nearly one million senior citizens were kicked out of their Medicare health plan (â€Å"What’s Behind† 1). Why have so many HMOs dropped these health plans? The reason why is because these Medicare programs are for the elderly only and simply were not profitting, and in response, the insurance companies shut them down. The HMOs claim that federal reimbursement levels were not keeping up with the medical cost inflation forcing them to cut these programs. For instance, in 2001, the government’s reimbursement to the HMOs went up only 2 percent while the insurance company’s costs went up between 11 and 13 percent (par.3). Though the reimbursement level issues may have contributed to the HMOs decision to cut these pro... ...ted high levels of stress associated with dealing the multiple agencies and healthcare providers. Since managed care’s beginning, the way medical care has been provided and delivered as drastically changed, and this trend is more than likely to continue. No one is going to be hit harder by these changes than the families who have children with complex chronic medical conditions. Work Cited Alleger, Irene. â€Å"HMO’s- Business Masquerading as Medical Care.† Towsned Letter for Doctors and Patients 215 (2002): 135. par. 9. Almanac of Policy Issues. â€Å"Universal Health Care Coverage.† March 29, 2005. American Medical Student Association. â€Å"Myths & Facts About Single-Payer Universal Coverage.† Marc.h 29, 2005 Canadian Health Care . â€Å"Canadian Health Care.† March 29,2005. â€Å"HHS:HMO’s Ignore Medical Incompotence.† International Council fpr Health & Human Services 5.21 (2001): 1-2 par. 17. Tuleya, R.J. â€Å"The HMO Dilema.† Nutrition Health Review: The Consumer’s Medical Journal 79 (1999): 3. par. 22. â€Å"What’s Behind the Medicare Woes?† People’s Medical Society Newsletter 19.6 (2001): 1-2 par. 7. Universal Health Care. â€Å"Summary of recommendations Poor Health and Homeless. March 29, 2005.